Organizational Environments and Cultures

————————————————- PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT ————————————————- CHAPTER 3: ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND CULTURES 1. HOW CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS AFFECT ORGANIZATIONS Environmental change: The rate at which a company’s general and specific environment changes * Stable environments: the rate of environmental change is slow * Dynamic environments: the rate of environmental change is fast * Punctuated equilibrium theory: companies go through long periods of stability, followed by a short complex period of dynamic change (revolutionary periods) to later return to stability * Environmental complexity: Refers to the number and intensity of external factors in the environment that affect organizations * Simple environments: few environmental factors Complex environmen ts: many environmental factors * Resource scarcity: Refers to the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization external environment * Uncertainty: How well managers can understand or predict the external changes and trends affecting their business * Uncertainty is lowest when environmental change and complexity are at low levels and resource scarcity is small (if environment is not too complicated and doesn’t change much it’s easy to predict) . FOUR COMPONENTS OF GENERAL ENVIRONMENT: 1. Economy * It influences basic business decisions such as whether to hire more employees, expand production, or take out loans to purchase * In a growing economy more products are bought and sold, more people work and salaries rise; and viceversa (in shrinking economy) * Business Confidence Indices: shows how confidente actual managers are about future business growth 2. Political/Legal Trends Includes legislation, regulations, and court decisions that go vern and regulate business behaviour * New laws and regulations continue to impose additional responsibilities to companies 3. Sociocultural Trends * Demographic characteristics, general behaviour, attitudes and beliefs of people in a particular society 4. Technological Trends * Refers to the knowledge, tools and techniques used to transform inputs into outputs 3. FIVE COMPONENTS OF SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTThe specific environment is the environment that is unique to a firm’s industry and that directly affects the way it conducts day-to-day business. 1. Customer: * Monitoring customer’s changing wants and needs is critical to business success. It can be done in two ways: i. Reactive customer monitoring: identifying and addressing customer trends and problems after they occur ii. Proactive customer monitoring: identifying and addressing customer needs, trends and issues before they occur 2. Competitor: Companies need to keep close track of what their competitors are doing * To do so, they perform a competitive analysis * A competitive analysis involves deciding who your competitors are, anticipating competitors’ moves, and determining competitors’ strenghts and weaknesses 3. Supplier: * Supplier dependence: the degree to which a company relies on that supplier because of the importance of the supplier’s product to the company * Buyer dependence: the degree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to the supplier’s sales * A igh degree of supplier or buyer dependence can lead to oportunistic behaviour (benefiting at the expense of the other) * In contrast, relationship behaviour focuses on establishing a mutually beneficial, long-term relationship between buyers and suppliers 4. Industry Regulations: * Regulations and rules that govern the practices and procedures of specific industries, businesses and professions * Unlike the political/legal component of the general environment, this doe s not affect all businesses 5. Advocacy Groups: These are groups of concerned citizens who band together to try to influence the business practices of specific industries, businesses and professions * e. g. environmental advocacy groups try to influence manufacturers to pollute less * Ways in which advocacy groups can influence businesses: iii. Public communications: voluntary participation of media industry to send out the group’s message iv. Media advocacy: involves framing the group’s concern as public issues that affect everyone, forcing media coverage v.Product boycott: advocacy groups actively try to persuade consumers not to purchase a company’s product or service 4. MAKING SENSE OF CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS Because external environments can be dynamic, confusing and complex, managers use a three-step process to make sense of the changes in their external environments: 1. Environmental scanning: * Searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect the organization * Manager scan the environment to reduce incertainty 2.Interpreting Environmental factors: * After scanning, the company determines what environmental events and issues mean to the organization. * Distinguish environmental events as either threats or opportunities 3. Actiong on threats and opportunities: * Managers decide how to respond to these environmental factors * Because it is impossible to comprehend all the factors and changes, managers rely on Cognitive maps that summarize the perceived relationships between environmental factors and possible organizational actions 5.INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS – ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Organizational culture is the set of beliefs, values and attitudes shared b members of an organization. * Creating an Organizational Culture: * The founder is the primary source of an organization’s culture * Founders create organizations at their own image * When founders are gone, culture is kept with: i. Stories: to em phasize culturally consistent assumptions, decisions, and actions ii. Heroes: people admired for their qualities and achievements within the organization. Successful Organizational Cultures: * Are Adaptable * Have employee involvement * Have a clear company vision * Are Consistent, Strong culture (even though strong cultures reduce adaptability) * Changing Organizational Cultures: * Culture has three levels: iii. Seen (surface level) iv. Heard (expressed values & beliefs) v. Believed (unconscious assumptions & beliefes) * Managers should only focus on the parts of the culture they can control, those are the surface level items and expressed values and beliefs

Topical Issues

Abortion â€Å"Unsafe abortions kill 200 women a day according to IPAS, a non-governmental organisation based in the US. IPAS claims that much more needs to be done to make abortion safe and accessible†. * The Bible teaches that human life is different from other types of life, because human beings are made in the very image of God. * The Bible teaches that children are a blessing. * The Bible teaches that the child in the womb is truly a human child, who even has a relationship with the Lord. * Scripture repeatedly condemns the killing of the innocent. * The Bible teaches that God is a God of justice. Scripture teaches people to love. * Life is victorious over death. My conscience tells me abortion is wrong because * All life is sacred-all life on Earth was created by almighty God above, and  it is  therefore morally wrong to deprive an unborn child. * No one except God can take away life- all life on Earth was created by almighty God above and so it follows that only He can take it away. No one have this right. * Abortion is an anagram of iron boat- I pointing out that abortion is an anagram of Iron boat because, like abortions, iron boats are bad!They sink straight to the bottom, killing everyone on board. Exactly like what abortive mothers do. Roman Catholic and protestant both have same belief. This is what they believe- * Life begins at conception – the foetus is a human being with human rights. * All Bible teaching on human life also applied to the foetus- especially the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not kill†. * If a mother can’t support her baby then it should be adopted. * Life is sacred because it is given by God. * They described abortion as a great evil.

Gun control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gun control - Essay Example It is easy to deem this as a trigger happy syndrome but the fact remains to be very volatile and fearful. The statistics that have been formulated in regard to continuations of violence and the sources of the violent behavior have become staggering. In November 1998 a Japanese student new in California was shot dead when he tried to find a specific address from a middle aged resident at the middle of the night due to miscommunication and language problem. (King, 317) Such examples are abundant and this is the reason it is necessary to look into the matter of gun control policy. Furthermore, experts amidst researchers and policymakers should managed considerable thought toward understanding how short and long term influences of abuse, including drugs, alcohol, and other substance abuse along with mental health stress. The understanding of immediate affects abuse would have, how it relates to voluntary behaviors. The main objective of the research would to develop a form of argumentative system that would be instrumental in helping out the policymakers and enable them to lead a normal logical conclusion on the subject of gun control policy and life within the main stream of the society. (Lamb, 37) 2. 2. For this purpose it is needed to formulate a policy or practice that would enable the government to determine a policy to put restriction on the guns. It s important to include population from different walks of life and interview them for their views on the subject opposing the policy unrestricted access to firearms. The formulation of this research would be based on the surveys taken on the various government officials, general population and adolescents whereby it would be ascertained about the amount of agreement on the topic of gun control in the United States. Alongside a large amount of data would be collected to determine the detrimental affects of free ownership of guns in the mass population without government restrictions. This would also be accompanied by data regarding firearms related crimes in the United States and United Kingdoms. United Kingdoms would be taken into consideration to evaluate the effects of government regulation of firearms and the firearms rela ted crime rates of the two nations would be compared. A memorandum prepared in this process would be a vital part of the proposal to eradicate the policy unrestricted access to firearms.It is believed that the adolescents suffering from victimization goes through a huge psychological defoliation therefore it is important to address this case and the ultimate affect when some of them get free access to firearms. The government officials would be taken into consideration, specifically security and law enforcement officials, because these are the section that could convey the actual result of free access to firearms. Lastly, the general population would be considered because they are the main sufferers and it is important to incorporate their individual and social views. The main memorandum backed by the amount of research would certainly prove to be helpful while influencing the policymakers of the US authority. It is obvious that the policy of presenting well researched memorandum is viable to expose risk of unrestricted acce

Biodiversity at Shedd Aquarium Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biodiversity at Shedd Aquarium - Research Paper Example The Shedd Aquarium is one of the places where biodiversity preservation is taking place with multiple marine and freshwater species co-existing together, as witnessed during a visit to the place. This paper will discuss the benefits of conserving biodiversity and describe one of the species conserved at the Shedd Aquarium. Definition of Biodiversity As mentioned in the introductory section, the term biodiversity refers to the complex co-existence of different species in different ecosystems. Its usage in describing different habitats describes the number, variation, and variability (Dahiya 45). Genetic diversity is one of the critical aspect under the umbrella of the term biodiversity. Many biologists use the phrase genetic diversity to refer to the genetic variations between organisms. Through genetic research, scientists have described numerous genetic differences even between organisms within the same species. The second aspect entailed in this description is species diversity, a term that denotes the presence of over a million species described so far. The third aspect encompassed in the term biodiversity is ecosystem diversity. This aspect attempts to describe the differences that exist between different habitats and communities. ... The conservation efforts of the Shedd Aquarium have served to protect the lake water and the surrounding basins, efforts that have also preserved the animals living in these habitats. It is worth mentioning that preserving the great lakes is an effort of preserving the extra great lake lost annually. Evidently, the conservation of the biodiversity in the great lakes has ensured fish preservation, ensuring a level of food security. Pollution had been killing the bacteria that contribute critically to the food chains that ensure that fish have a source of food. Crustaceans and larvae that serve as bottom feeders in the lakes often absorb chemicals directed into the river. When fish eat these bottom feeders, they take in the chemicals as well. Eventually, humans absorb these chemicals from the fish. Evidently, the cycle that takes place in great lakes shows the close relationship between organisms at different levels. Conservation of the diversity ensures that both higher species and lo wer do not face detrimental effects that could lead to their reduction. Human beings benefit immensely from the great lake conservation efforts because of the access to clean drinking water, fish serving as healthy protein supply, and a green environment on the basins. The wetland areas surrounding the lakes serve to prevent floods because of the vegetation. Moreover, the conservation effort of the great lake biodiversity has ensured that there is minimal invasion of foreign species into water that threaten the survival of the native species. According to the staff at the Aquarium, the great lakes are among the highly disturbed habitats in the globe, justifying why they have focused on the conservation of

Management Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Management Journal - Essay Example Kelvin said that he was not aware because he was a new employee at the company. I told him to always ensure that he plan his time effectively to ensure that he perform significant tasks before others. I advised the employee because I knew that effective management of time leads to the success of the business (Koontz and Weihrich 67). I also talked to the employee because I knew that it was my role as the manager of the company. September 3 2013 Management is a challenging task because it involves balancing work and family functions and time. I thought about this statement when I discovered that today was the twentieth anniversary of the company, and at the same time, it was my first born’s birthday. I was stressed while thinking of how I would ensure that I attend the two functions and satisfy the company and my family. I had to think of an effective plan that would help me manage the day’s time efficiently, although it was a bit challenging. I thought of a plan where I would attend the company’s function in the day as my family prepares for an evening party for my son. The plan was successful, and both teams were satisfied with my attendance. I played the role of a father and manager at the same time. Before I was promoted to be a manager, I had heard supervisors talking about how they had difficulties balancing time and work. Today I followed their advice, and I found out that balancing work and family increases satisfaction, and it reduces stress (Koontz and Weihrich 195). September 4 2013 Today, I had a conference with all employees, and the aim of the meeting was to remind them the goals of the company. I have always known that communication is vital in the management because it informs workers about the goals to pursue, the tasks to undertake, and the techniques to utilize (Koontz and Weihrich 199). I have also read numerous books that argue that managers must possess effective communication skills so that they can lead others in the right direction. This was my first day to talk to the employees as a manager, and I had to ensure that I pass the company’s message clearly. Before attending the meeting, I read a book that pointed out various forms of communication. The book argued that communications between managers and employees takes place through bottom-up or top-down approaches. Top-down involves supervisors passing information to employees at lower levels; company objectives may be communicated using this approach. Bottom-up technique is one where employees speak to managers often when giving feedback (Koontz and Weihrich 100). The readings gave me confidence, and I attended the conference and passed the information to workers clearly. The day was successful, and my confidence increased when other managers said that I had excellent communication skills. September 5 2013 Today, one of my employees approached me and said that she had a problem coping with her workmate who was uncooperative. The two perf orm their tasks in one office where they file company documents. Mary, the employee who approached me said that Annette spent most of her time on the phone instead of working. This increases Mary’s workload, and she leaves the office late every day. I confirmed this from other workers, and I also checked the register and found out that Mary leaves the office three hours after the closing time. I knew this was a problem, and I had to solve it intelligently to ensure that the two get satisfied with the solution (Koontz and Weihr

Compare and Contrast the Classical, Human Relations, and Systems Essay

Compare and Contrast the Classical, Human Relations, and Systems Approaches to Organization and Management - Essay Example One of the most important and central part of the study of management and organization is based upon how the overall management thinking has evolved over the period of time. Managers therefore must be able to keep themselves updated with the changes in the way management thinking has evolved over the period of time. This allows managers to actually get an insight into how the management has actually changed while facing different issues and challenges. The more managers know about management and organizational methods and operations, better they will be at making critical and important decisions. This knowledge also allows managers to make effective decisions and contribute positively towards the overall development of the organization. It is therefore critical that the overall developments made in the field of management and organizational thinking should be traced. Over the period of time, four important approaches towards organization and management have evolved. These include classical, human relations, systems and contingency approaches towards management and organization. All these approaches evolved as a result of different changes taking place within the domain of organizational development. Issues like leadership, employee motivation, performance, compensation etc dominated the way these approaches gradually evolved and matured over the period of time. Based on these approaches a comprehensive framework evolved regarding theory about management. Classical approach towards management and organizations view purpose of the organization as an essential element to understand as to how organization work and what methods can actually be adapted in order to improve the efficiency and work. Identification of purpose of the organization was also based upon crystallizing the roles and responsibilities within the organization. Since classical approach viewed organization having formal structures therefore it was important that clear roles and responsibilities should be identified first. These roles and responsibilities however, based upon first identifying and refining the purpose of the organization. Scientific management and bureaucracy are the two sub-groups of the classical approach and both the sub-groups have their own merits and de-merits. One of the key arguments of the writers on classical approach was based upon the notion that improving the management will actually improve the performance and the organization. F.W. Taylor was one of the key writers during that era outlining different principles which governed the scientific management approach within classical school of management. He advocated the implementation of scientific methods for selection and hiring of the workers while at the same time also suggested same approach for training and development of workers also. (Crainer, 1998) Classical approach however, visualized organizations and management as entities which can control the behavior of their workers. One of the key criticisms of this approach was therefore based upon the notion that labor workers may react strongly against the management principles of control. The creation of multiple layers of management in order to oversee and supervise the work was considered as essential in order to generate more efficiency and make workers productive. In nutshell, it can be argued that the classical approach was largely based upon the use of scientific methods of management with focus on improving effic iency and productivity by using scientific methods. The Human Relations Approach The main emphasis of classical

Gene one scenario Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gene one scenario - Coursework Example The first case determines the company’s taking some risk for the purpose of improving its business, while all the leadership members might not be satisfied or confident with the program, like the resignation obtained from Angela Thomas (Scenario: Gene One). In the other situation, although the internal conflicts might not arise, however the company would not find a better means to improve its business. Considering the dedication, responsibility and the performance of Don, the CEO of the company, it can be reflected that the best solution for the company would be to continue with its new plans. It needs to be understood in this context that in order for the company to keep up its position in the industry, it would have to reach out more to the public and deliver itself. Only dedicating towards research work might not be sufficient. In the process, taking some risks is justified, since business cannot be organized without

Health News Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health News Analysis - Essay Example Gardasil has also proven successful in preventing genital warts in men. The vaccine "targets the two types of HPV, or human papillomavirus, believed to be responsible for about 70 percent of cervical cancer cases, and two other types that cause most genital warts." Stobbe also notes that research on Gardasil is continuing, but that to date there is no evidence it prevents "penile cancer or other HPV-associated cancers in men. There also is no evidence it prevents men from spreading HPV to women." Right now, Gardasil as it may be used in the U.S. for males appears to prevent an unwanted but benign condition. Stobbe's report is informative in the style of news reporting. The reader can get additional details once the main points have been covered at the beginning. Following the V structure for news writing allows for a "stay-tuned" kind of conclusion. Stobbe quotes an HPV expert at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as saying that policy makers, presumably the ones charged with passing judgment on Gardasil's availability to males in the United States, "will be looking at a variety of issues." In spite of the limitations of news reporting and any subtexts one can glean from the article, Stobbe carefully sketches what has and has not happened yet in Gardasil's use and scrutiny for extended uses. Among the research subjects for the study, a group was given a fake vaccine; and in ninety percent of the vaccinated subjects, Gardasil prevented genital warts. From this we can determine that the "new study" was of the experimental, empirical design type and blind, or double-blind, standard for drug companies doing clinical trials. In addition, quantitative analysis of factors such as three administrations of the drug to 4,000 participants over six months in twenty countries with examinations at various points to determine effectiveness, and so forth, clearly point to a clinical trial and the classic drug company research design. Without having the specific procedures of the design, however, or the study itself, it is difficult to tell which statistical methods would have been applied other than standard ones for this kind of study. Randomization of the test population, careful data collection from experimental and control groups, pre- and post-assessment for evidence of the target disease would all need standardization over a specific time with subsequent proper analysis and summary. The difficulty in identifying which statistical methods increases given the rigor needed to conduct a double-blind study the size of this one. The study's population and the different countries and therefore different languages involved seem daunting. It is likely that the study design and statistical procedures would have had to account for errors and inaccuracies. However, an international drug company such as Merck might well have been able to carry out such a detailed and comprehensive study. It would seem so, for Stobbe reports that experts have found the reported results

Biochemistry and Technology Essay Example for Free

Biochemistry and Technology Essay 1. For the lesson, I chose the topic of animal cloning for agricultural needs. 2. The sources I used are http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm106070.htm http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/how/areas-of-research/animal-cloning/ 3. Cloning has always been something of science fiction, the ability to make an exact copy of an organism. Recently though, this sci-fi idea is more of reality than ever. Many have heard of Dolly the sheep, a perfect clone, but cloning has been done many times throughout the world. Rabbits, horses, mice and others have been clone before. Since cloning only takes one parent cell, the offspring is an exact genetic replica of the first. Now, cloning for agriculture was one of the first marketing thoughts on the subject. If a farmer were to have just one healthy pig that could end up being 100 healthy pigs, it would get rid of the problem of genetic problems with farm animals. A 100% success rate would help the farming business greatly. 4. There are many positive aspects of cloning technology for the use of livestock trading. This technology would benefit all in the livestock circle. Imagine that every steak you came from the â€Å"near-perfect† cow. Each cow would have the genes of one â€Å"perfect† cow. This would give the consumer and producer less work of having to find the best of what they want. 5. Many fear that cloning could be used for the wrong purposes, the main being human testing. People fear that the testing of animals is just the first step to people. Another problem that people fear is that animals will start to less seem like animals and just soulless things. 6. So Dolly was not the first clone, and she looked like any other sheep, so why did she cause so much excitement and concern, since she was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, rather than an embryo. This was a major scientific achievement, but also raised ethical concerns.

The Importance of Communication Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Communication Essay Foundations Workers at all levels of an organization, be they CEOs, middle managers, or entry-level staff, recognize that change is inevitable. However, the successful implementation of organizational change in response to changes in an organization’s external environment can be one of the greatest challenges top-level leaders face. Regardless of how far-seeing and meticulously planned organizational change may be, it will not be effectively implemented unless it is communicated to an organization’s staff in such a way that resistance is overcome, fears are assuaged, confusion is minimized, and buy-in by all affected individuals is secured. Kurt Lewin (as cited in Evans, Ward, Rugaas, 2000) was one of the first to develop a model of behavioral change in his 1951 book, Field Theory in Social Sciences. Lewin described three stages as being necessary in the implementation of a change in a person’s behavior. The first of these is unfreezing, the stage during which a person becomes ready to learn or acquire a new behavior, perhaps by recognizing the ineffectiveness of a current behavior or by learning about the benefits that would accrue if the new behavior were implemented. The second stage is the change itself, which will involve a trial period during which the person familiarizes him or herself with the new behavior. Finally, the refreezing stage occurs as the new behavior becomes habitual or ingrained with the individual. Thinkers in the management field have applied this model to the process of change within organizations. In order for change to be effectively and lastingly implemented, all staff affected by the change must go through this unfreezing-changing-refreezing process. Kotter (1995) lists eight steps that leaders of organizations should take in order to successfully implement change. One of the most crucial steps in the process, and the step during which many attempts at organizational  change fail, is communicating the vision of change to the staff via every possible means. He notes that a classic error made by leaders trying to implement change is under-communication of the change to the staff that will be implementing it. The most effective communicators discuss the change at every opportunity and incorporate the discussion into day-to-day activities such as performance reviews, employee training courses, and quarterly production meetings, thus making clear to employees not only the overarching vision of change for the organization, but also exactly where the employee fits into the process. Organizational leaders must also behave in ways that are consistent with the vision they are promoting: communication regarding the change should occur not only via words, but also via deeds (Kotter, 1995). Communication about change aids in the unfreezing of old behaviors, the transition during which new behaviors are adopted, and the refreezing of the new behavior into habit. In fact, Ford and Ford (1995) claim that change does not occur except in that it is mediated by communication; in other words, communication is the context within which change occurs. They describe four types of conversations that move the change process through its successive phases: initiative conversations, that begin the change process by focusing the participants’ attention on what needs to be done; conversations of understanding, during which the participants seek to make sense of the problem and start generating methods of addressing it; conversations of performance, which concentrate on producing the intended result; and conversations for closure, during which the change process is determined to be complete. This model of change as mediated by the conversations that instigate and guide it differs from previous thought in which communication about the change is presented as a single stage in the change process, although it expands upon Kotter’s (1995) call for communication regarding change to occur in as many contexts as possible within an organization. The model also helps to conceptualize the role of communication during the stages of unfre ezing (instigation), change (understanding and performance), and refreezing (closure). Current thinking in organizational change and communication The work by Lewin (Evans, Ward, Rugaas, 2000), Kotter (1995), Ford and Ford (1995), and other earlier researchers in the field lays an important  foundation for current work in the use of communication to effectively promote change within an organization. Deborah Barrett (2002) developed the Strategic Employee Communication model as a tool for organizations to use in assessing the effectiveness of their own communication channels when confronted with the necessity of organizational change. The model breaks down effective employee communication into four components which interact in well-functioning companies to reinforce strategic objectives. One important component is a top and middle level management that is committed to fostering communications â€Å"up, down, and across the organization† (Barrett, 2002). The second component is the communications themselves: messages that are both tailored to the audience they are intended for to maximize relevance, and that are consist ent with each other and with the overall strategic objectives of the organization. The third component is the mode of communication; it should rely on a variety of media but should take place primarily in person. The final component is a communications team or staff that is positioned in such a way as to be privy to the thinking behind the company’s strategic objectives so that the messages they produce reflect an understanding of the change. In companies that have effective communication networks, these four components are continually assessed against the background of progress towards the company’s strategic objectives. Barrett (2002) makes specific recommendations regarding how the effectiveness of employee communications during times of organizational change may be evaluated, giving an example of a survey instrument to assess perceptions of the current state of communication, suggestions for the development of ‘cascading workshops’ to spread the message of change throughout the organization, and methods of monitoring how well the mess age of change has spread and been internalized throughout the organization. The influence of Lewin’s (Evans, Ward, Rugaas, 2000) unfreezing – changing – refreezing model of change can be seen in Van der Waldt’s (2004) depiction of change communication as occurring in three phases. During the first phase of change, individuals within organizations face the loss of old ways of doing things, and should be supported in the initial phases of the change by communication that acknowledges this loss and that recognizes the difficulty that some individuals may have in letting go of the past. During the second phase of change, staff may face confusion and uncertainty as they  try to adopt the new way of doing things. Van der Waldt characterizes this as a ‘neutral zone’: a way-station between the old and the new, and notes that communication during this phase should recognize and attempt to assuage the isolation that may ensue from this confusion. The setting of short term, easily measurable and attainable goals will aid empl oyee morale during this time. The third phase of change occurs as staff begin to internalize the change and move forward, and communication at this time should be characterized by an acknowledgement of what individuals in the company have accomplished thus far and an understanding of the role the individual plays within the new system. A current topic in this area of research is the use of narrative techniques in communication about change. Organizational change is disruptive by nature, and involves the uprooting of old norms that have enabled a company to succeed (or at least survive) thus far, and the adoption of as-yet-untried practices (Denning, 2005). In order for the change to succeed, management and staff must voluntarily and enthusiastically severely disrupt their own established work habits and consent to move into the unknown. Stephen Denning, one of the champions of the use of narrative in change communication, argues that in these situations, the organization’s leaders must employ extraordinary communication techniques to achieve the level of buy-in necessary to make change work. The use of storytelling to bring reality and substance to a leader’s vision is one way in which change can be made real to management and staff. Denning (2006) describes eight different narrative techniques that can be employed in different stages of organizational change. An example of one of these techniques is the u se of ‘springboard stories’, which may be used to spark action and help muster enthusiasm for the change. Stories used in these situations should be simple and straightforward in content, the goal being to spark the listeners’ imaginations and to get them imagining stories of their own in reference to the change being introduced. Stories may also be used as devices to deflect or defuse rumors, and as preparation for the future after the change is implemented. The overall purpose of the narratives is to change the listener’s behavior in such a way that it is aligned with the leader’s objectives. Denning (2006) warns of the danger of becoming so involved with the crafting and telling of stories that the goal of the narrative is lost. Storytelling can also be a way to  get employees talking and thinking about what organizational change means to them and how change can be enacted. A small regional hospital in New Mexico employed an interactive narrative technique in which employees were presented with a role-playing scenario that likened the transformation of the hospital’s mission to an Indiana Jones-style journey that was titled ‘Raiders of the Lost Art’ (Adamson, Pine, Van Steenhoven, Kroupa, 2006). Within the structure of the game’s narrative, staff were presented with data regarding themselves, the community within which they worked, and their patients, and in this context were given scenarios about which they were encouraged to present ideas and feedback. By using this approach, hospital administrators were able to solicit employee feedback, involve staff in the development of strategic goals and objectives in support of the new mission, and gain buy-in by making employees a part of the change process. Change, communication, and information organizations Libraries and other information organizations are faced every day with the challenges that come from adapting to a rapidly changing external environment. Information organizations that are able to proactively incorporate change into their strategic planning will be in a better position to keep pace with the evolving demands of customers than organizations that merely struggle to catch up as change overwhelms them. Farley, Broady-Preston, Hayward (1998) identify four primary areas of change that affect academic libraries in particular: economics, technology, higher education, and organization. The rising costs of materials, combined with widespread reductions in funding, compounded by the additional financial burden imposed by the need to introduce new technologies, create an environment in which libraries must change in order to survive. The increasing sophistication of technological tools used by librarians has, in some larger institutions especially, created a need for staff reorganization to incorporate greater collaboration with technical support staff (Farley, et al., 1998). Given this environment, effective communication with staff regarding change is essential to the success of libraries and other information organizations. Horenstein found that communication with library staff about the implementation of change is also important in fostering high levels of job satisfaction amongst library staff (as cited in Farley, et  al., 1998). Yet, although there is a substantial body of literature dealing with change management in information organizations (Farley et al.), little has been written about the specific application of communication research to the needs of information organizations facing change. For instance, a literature review conducted in conjunction with a study described below (Chalmers, Liedtka, Bednar, 2006) uncovered no literature published specifically on library communications assessment since the 1980s. In a review for librarians of change management literature from the business world, Smith (2006) addresses communicating in times of change by developing a series of rules of effective communication drawn from the literature. One of these rules states that managers should recognize that not all organizations, and not all individuals within organizations, will react to change the same way, and that communications should be geared accordingly, echoing the above-described communication model that incorporates targeted messages (Barrett, 2002). Another of Smith’s rules emphasizes the importance of making communication about change a two-way process incorporating a variety of communication methods including written, verbal, large and small group meetings and one-on-one encounters, and formal and informal venues, applying Kotter’s (1995) message about incorporating change communication whenever there is opportunity to do so. Though Smith’s article is directed towards library professionals and, since it is published in the journal Library Management, is a useful vehicle for introducing concepts change communication research that librarians may not otherwise be exposed to, Smith does little more than review current literature and does not attempt to draw lessons from the literature to apply specifically to information organizations. On the other hand, Chalmers, et al. (2006) apply lessons from the literature of business communications to develop a survey that identifies the primary communication channels within the staff of a large academic library and assesses staff satisfaction with communication processes. They then provide recommendations based upon their experiences regarding how such an audit may be conducted in other similar organizations. The communications audit was conducted at California State University, Fullerton’s Pollak Library, in response to a perception of diminished morale and increased staff isolation in response to rapid changes in management  philosophy, staffing, and the introduction of new technologies. Library staff reported a relatively high rate (76%) of satisfaction with their level of informedness about changes within their own department, but indicated that they were less satisfied (46% satisfaction rate) with the degree to which they received information about the long range planning and goals of the library as a whole. Staff received their information both through formal library communications (newsletters, website, etc.; 80-98%) and informal channels (91%). Chalmers et al. describe how the survey instrument developed could be used to establish baseline data about intra-organization communication channels and identify areas of staff dissatisfaction with communication within the library . Future directions Although there is a significant body of work in the business management field that deals with effective intra-organizational communication in times of change, little of this work has been applied in a way that is specific to the needs of information organizations. Given that information organizations have been and are facing a period of rapid and intensive change, work that applies the change management lessons learned in the business world to the needs of libraries would be especially timely. In particular, case studies of information organizations that have implemented communication strategies and are monitoring the effectiveness of these strategies in facilitating change would be useful starting points for other information organizations facing change. In addition, the adaptation of existing theoretical models of intra-organizational communication to information organizations may provide a useful starting point for the development of communication strategies, goals, and objectives . In the greater body of business management literature regarding change communication, the primary focus of most research has been on top-down communication: methods by which leaders may effectively promote their vision amongst employees (Jones, Watson, Gardner, Gallois, 2004). Although several workers (Adamson, 2006; Chalmers et al. 2006; LeTourneau, 2004; Smith, 2006) emphasize the importance of feedback from employees to management, and communication between employees, there is little material that deals with methods to assess the importance of or to actively cultivate  these types of communications within an organization (Jones, et al., 2004). Additionally, communication and coordination between departments may become increasingly important during times of change; for instance, in libraries the introduction of new technology may necessitate greater collaboration between IT departments and reference, circulation, or other services. Further investigation into means of facilitating collaboration between formerly non-interacting departments during times of change would be a helpful addition to the current literature on this topic. References Adamson, G., Pine, J., Van Steenhoven, T., Kroupa, J. (2006). How storytelling can drive strategic change. Strategy and Leadership, 34(1), 36-41. Barrett, D. J. (2002). Change communication: Using strategic employee communication to facilitate major change. Corporate Communication: An International Journal, 7(4), 219-231. Chalmers, M., Liedtka, T., Bednar, C. (2006). A library communication audit for the twenty-first century. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 6(2), 185-195. Denning, S. (2005). Transformational innovation: A journey by narrative. Strategy and Leadership, 33(3), 11-16. Denning, S. (2006). Effective storytelling: Strategic business narrative techniques. Strategy and Leadership, 34(1), 42-48. Evans, G. E., Ward, P. L., Rugaas, B. (2000). Management basics for information professionals. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc. Farley, T., Broady-Preston, J., Hayward, T. (1998). Academic libraries, people, and change. Library Management, 19(4), 238-251. Ford, J., Ford , L. (1995). The role of conversations in producing intentional change in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 541-570. Jones, E., Watson, B., Gardner, J., Gallois, C. (2004). Organization communication: Challenges for the new century. Journal of Communication, 54(4), 722-750. Kotter, J. P. (1995). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 73(2), 59 – 67. LeTourneau, B. (2004). Communicate for change. Journal of Healthcare Management, 49(6), 354-357. Smith, I. (2006). Communicating in times of change. Library Management, 27(1/2), 108-112. Van der Waldt, D. (2004). Towards corporate communication excellence in a changing environment. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 3, 134-143.

Sexual Abuse: Impacts and Treatments

Sexual Abuse: Impacts and Treatments Sexual Abuse Abstract There is a great deal to be said regarding an individual’s retort to sexual distress. The victim of that suffering has a high probability of creating an offence of their individual, perhaps by means of substance as a means to deal with, or construct any numeral of meager choices as a means of contracting with the abuse. What the distressing thing is regarding it all is that a lot of of the offenders commence as children who are helpless to protect themselves to somebody who is typically in their Family. It is merely in the course of later conceding the trauma that somebody can begin to recognize the result of what ensued to them from that happening. There are a numeral of results that will be discussed in addition to the addiction itself and the process of healing in this paper. The spotlight right through being what the retorts are to sexual trauma. What is Sexual Abuse? Sexual abuse is not the merely abuse that can take place in a home that can have enduring affects on a kid. There are a lot of abuses at which several diverse homes are blameworthy of. For the majority homes there is a great deal of dysfunction and this dysfunction can direct to or unlock a gate for abuse. Since of the home being the prime place for sexual abuse and additional abuses it is significant to perceive what kinds of abuse can approach from the home. There are four kinds of abuses explicit to the home and they are emotional, physical, sexual and spiritual (Laaser 2004). All of these are severe and can direct to troubles for a child later on in life what is significant is that sexual abuse directs to humiliation and the human retort to that disgrace can be distressing. Sexual abuse has for all time been a predicament in the world, other than a lot of people suppose the most awful is children’s sexual abuse. In children Sexual abuse has turn out to be a foremost issue above the years and has established to source a lot of disorders, relationships future problems, and issues of trust. There are as well a lot of diverse reasons someone will turn out to be an abuser and there are a lot of effects that can approach from being assaulted sexually. Invasive sexual abuse is â€Å"having the area of genital stroked or penetrated by somebody who hold either emotional or physical control above the victim (Laaser, 2004, pg 101). â€Å"Childhood sexual abuse is an significant subgroup of the entire sexual abuses and envelops every acts done by adults for instance convincing, deceiving, obliging perverting, or forcing children for their sexual pleasure† (Selvi et. al. 2011. Pg. 85), In the course of this is can be perceived that sexual abuse on children denotes further than merely the sexual act the majority people would imagine of when they heed sexual abuse. In the similar means there are a range of diverse abuses there are as well a range of diverse responses to which a child may perhaps later on suffer. These retorts can be emotional or mental can persist to source harm to the person or somebody else. It is significant to note with this in mind that â€Å"it was accounted that outcomes of sexual abuse on the person rely on the connection of that person with the abuser, sort of the sexual activity, cooperativeness, age, incidence of violence and bodily harm, point of development and pretraumatic psychological growth of the child (Selvi et. al. 2011. Pg. 86). Since of such an extensive range of outcome there are a handful of extensive outcomes that simplify what happens to somebody who is sexually abused. There are a lot of diverse reasons on why an individual will sexually abuse a kid. The predator for one, has been in the course of it themselves and can realize the power that it constructs them feel. Some predators also have extremely lower issues of self-esteem and by controlling an additional being they can sense better regarding themselves. Also there are persons that sense of themselves so highly that if they are abused in the least feature of their lives, they sense they require to recover control, in which case they obtain power over their victim. Outcomes of Abuse It is significant that with all of the study out there it can be observed that there is a general strand of outcomes and a general thread of familiar thread of handling devices. The strand of outcomes that an individual goes in the course of when abused was are, shocked sexuality, feelings of treachery, helplessness, and stigmatization. Shocked sexuality is when somebody is diverged from their usual path of sexual growth; feelings of treachery approach since the majority sexual assaults approach from people that are near to the victim the victim is expected to sense betrayed; helplessness approaches from the victim feeling helpless since they are feeble and powerless which sources â€Å"anxiety, rage, nightmares, learning deficits, criminal tendencies, somatic complaints, and feelings of vengeance in both childhood and later life.† (Selvi et. al. 2010. Pg. 86). Then finally stigmatization which is the alteration of perception of ego that can go with the abuse where the childâ €™s notion of themselves changes to a group of humiliation, evil, and guiltiness. Any or combination of the above are ordinary retorts to sexual trauma and since of these a kid is place in the position to make a decision how to handle with what has occurred to them. Together with coping an additional feature of a child’s response to sexual trauma is their wish to be aware of the trauma. Consequently how is it that a person handles with abuse? There are a numerous of methods that somebody can act in response to childhood ordeal and abuse. Laaser does not restrict the family abuse to merely sexual other than instead includes a countless of diverse abuses a child might suffer to wind up coping in a harmful matter. Nevertheless these methods are general coping devices for people who have been in the course of sexual trauma and they are; codependency, escape, and religious dependence. What is interesting concerning escape is that it is not somewhat that people actually do other than it can as well be a mental escape. Since sex addicts can’t endure excruciating feelings, they seek out to escape the feelings in the course of sexual activity and sexual fancy can modify chemistry of brain and manufacture deep pleasure feelings† (2004. Pg. 109). These escape methods are interesting since they are techniques of escaping a throbbing that a sex addict would have conceded with them for several years. Even though several would think that somebody would just allow it to go; letting go in the mind of a sexual abused individual is not an alternative. The cause is it is escape to a certain extent than letting go is since in a lot of instances they have let the trauma to classify them and so even though at times they necessitate to escape it inside several are frightened to live devoid of it. The subsequently foremost reaction to trauma is codependency. For a person who is sexually abused they are habitually young even though a few are abuse in adulthood or both; there is a incredible amount of humiliation. This humiliation is hard and close to impracticable for a child to contract with, tackle, or even communicating. As a result a few turn to codependency to contract with the humiliation. Codependency is used to explain anybody addicted to an additional individual† it is significant to be acquainted with the result of codependency which is that â€Å"They will totally forgo their interests and needs if that is what it acquires to make happy people who’s support they so very much need† (Laaser 2004. pg. 111). Codependency can be extremely risky for a person since similar to being addicted to substance they can let themselves to be humiliated for the evident liking of that additional individual. In the course of this they can accede themselves to go and devoid of pleasing their exact needs turn out to be hopeless and depressed. What is as well interesting concerning populace who are sexual abused is that the affiliations that they are in can be powerful ones that entail substance abuse, domestic violence , or additional sexual abuse. The individual in these relationships will not act in response correctly to the abuse however rather take it on themselves and persist to look for to please the other person. A depressing characteristic of the way is that sexual addicts seek out to make happy their spouse and to act out sexually in the course of additional sexual behavior. This denotes that when somebody is sexual abuse they are place in a position to be sexual malfunctioned and goes onto endeavoring additional sexually abnormal behaviors. Woman who had incidenced more than 2 incidence of sexual abuse in both childhood and adulthood were additional expected to employ in cunnilingus, masturbation, fellatio, anal and vaginal sex, group sex and swapping of partner on a recurrent basis† (Arata (2002) pg. 131). Since of these sexual actions woman who have been sexually abused when they act in this way place themselves in the means for future abuses. The connection amid child sexual abuse and later on revictimization was to some extent interceded by sexual behavior (2002. Pg. 131). As a result it can be perceived that not merely can codependency be a extremely unconstructive consequence o f sexual abuse other than also the sexual malfunction with the codependency can unlock people up for a many physical and emotional pain. The subsequently retort to sexual maltreatment might be religious dependence which is similar to any additional addiction they seek out godly things as a means to triumph over their sexual obsession. Their justification for this is that they do not desire to set off to hell other than at the similar time they are acting in a bad way of life. A lot of the people who do this might wind up acting out on defenseless children that are in a church surroundings. They sense embarrassed of their behavior and relatively than own up their sin to others and search for help; they turn their addiction inmost to additional humiliation and in the course of this they build up an addiction that occur in the church. Whether escape, codependency, substance abuse, religious addiction, sex addiction, or any additional; it turn out to be clear that for the majority people who go in the course of sexual abuse habitually find extremely negative mechanisms of coping. Sexual abuse can as well source an individual to have future relationships problems. When an individual is abused, they will typically have trusting problems with anybody of the similar sex as the offender. This can source relationships to not have trust and for the victim to be scared of the partner. There are a lot of couples where individual of them has been raped and the partner does not know. This might be since the victim is too embarrassed or since the victim is frighten that the partner will leave them if they discover out. Sexual Abuse and the Disease Model The addiction disease model instituted with alcohol and grows out of that to include all sorts of addictions. It denotes that biological factors incline people to turn out to be dependent on definite chemicals. For years Scientist have been arguing nature vs nurture in the region of personality other than at the present they have combined them by recognizing both values. It is the similar means with sex addiction. A few men and women are deemed inclined to sexual behavior. When this is the instance it requires to be recognize that even though they are inclined the surroundings is what places them in the spot to act in response to that biological inclinations. This denotes that similar to additional addictions the disease model can be utilized for viewing and treating sexual addiction and a sexual behavior. â€Å"As society persists to bear the influences of sexual violence, there is an imperative challenge to recognize the factors of etiological beneath sexual offending. Etiological research has proposed that it is the interface of social learning and biological factors that control the expansion of sexual offending behaviors. Genetic factors might influence a person to follow a precise need of human (e.g. intimacy or sex), other than it is the experiences of environments (e.g. child maltreatment) that offer the ways for which these needs are meet either properly in the course of the growth of relationships or incorrectly in the course of the use of sexual violence† (Simons, Wurtele, Durham, 2008. Pg. 549). This denotes that that relying on a response of individual’s to the abuse they might perhaps go on to additional abuse. This would as well denote that from a biological sense people who do not have the biological inclination in the direction of having sexual needs might either act in response in an additional negative way. The depressing thing concerning this biological inclination in the direction of sexual needs is that they can influence people to such abnormal sexual behavior that they would victimise children. A few of the consequences of sexual trauma can set off additional than what was affirmed other than can as well have brutal psychological effect. This being that the mind can in fact be affected in a means that is where the mind creates ill health. Since of the trauma the self who has experienced it starts to extend symptoms that biologically manifest however is mentally influenced. It is similar to the way that researcher have establish that a cell separate from its lining in a higher area of stress. This means that when a child is sexually traumatized there are a number of different responses they can go in the course of these responses being anyplace from usual alteration all the means to a psychosomatic chaos. In the course of any of these a numeral of behavioral responses might approach depending on the person’s inclination which denotes that they might set off on to a life of coping in the course of harmful actions or onto contracting with the trauma and pardoning the accuser. On the whole there is no apparent way to perceive how an individual might act in response to their trauma however for several the result is revealed in the course of compulsive behaviors; even shoplifting has been seen as a result. Compulsive Behavior in Response to Trauma When looking at the numerous of obsessive behaviors that are observed about us every day from overeating to drug abuse what is significant to be noted is that research on substance abusers and female offenders divulges that childhood ordeal is habitually the primary significant indicator in the etiology of crime substance and abuse† (Caputo 2009. pg. 15). When a research was carried out by Coputo what was significant was that almost half of the section of sex workers were previously sexually abused. Together with sex workers and the drug abusers who were previously sexual abused there appears to be a model of whirling to compulsive behaviors as a effect to their trauma. This might be a means of coping or in accord with the medical model what shoved them in the direction of something that they might have been influenced to. In a lot of circumstances this might denote that there is a double diagnosis of sort since subsequent to a period of drug use the people who were abuse not m erely require to deal with the abuse nevertheless also the behavior dependency or chemical dependency. Programs There are numerals of programs of child sexual abuse put into practice crosswise the USA, which involves kids aged six to 13, who are the mainly susceptible to sexual abuse by an adult (Kenny et al, 2008, p. 38). Techniques of teaching kids regarding self-protection in opposition to sexual abuse consist of being acquainted with the appropriate names for body parts, recognizing what is a fine touch and a appalling touch, whom to trust or not, and conversing regarding it with a trusted grown-up (Kenny et al, 2008). Subsequent to self-protection programs participating, children are appraised in the course of a sequence of tests to perceive how a great deal they studied from the programs. Results illustrated constructive effects, which were mainly connected with parental participation in the programs (Kenny et al, 2008, pg. 44). Studies demonstrate that subsequent to the programs, children feel secure and in power of themselves and their surroundings. On the other hand, there were as well unconstructive side-effects, which demonstrated no alteration in sexual behaviors in children, and confusion since of clashing pre-existing facts (Kenny et al, 2008). The programs will not completely get rid of child sexual abuse, other than it will in any case notify children of its hazards by educating them how they can safeguard themselves. Studies suggest that even though a child has a restricted sum of facts of sexual abuse, it may be adequate to deter a predator from victimizing them (Kenny et al, 2008) .A lot of improvements require being prepared to the programs prior to they can be put into practice into society in general. Consecutively to fix the dilemma of child sexual abuse, it requires being familiar with all parties that children sexual abuse is a taboo. On the other hand, provided that there are persons who do not suppose in child sexual abuse, these programs of prevention can on no account be totally successful. Conclusion There is no means to be acquainted with what means that a person would act in response to sexual abuse; on the other hand what is apparent is that it can have an extremely disturbing outcome in life of a person. These effects can be observed in the course of behavioral from drug abuse to crime or physical with symptoms of psychosomatic. What is nonetheless factual is that sexual offense is one that is a bigger sin. In the course of of the working information of sexual abuse the interesting thing is that it is a rising predicament in the world at present. As a result with all this studies in mind it significant for people to be conscious of the addiction and carry on researching ways to treat people who have been abused or are abusing to assist control this outbreak. References C. A. Arata, (2002). Child Sexual Abuse and Sexual Revictimization. American Psychological Association 9, 135-164. D. A. Simons, S. K.Wurtele, , R. L. Durham, (2008). Developmental Experiences of Child Sexual Abusers and Rapists. Child Abuse Neglect The International Journal, 32, 549-560. G. A. Caputo, 2009. Early Life Trauma Among Woman Shoplifters and Sex Workers. Jouranl of Child and Adolescnent Trauma 2, 15-27. DOI:10.1080/19361520802675868 P. Carnes, (2001). Out of the shadows. Understanding sexual addiction. (3rd ed.). Hazelden Center City, MI; Hazelden. K., Griffee, S. L., O’Keefe, S. S., Stroebel, K. W. Beard, S. Swindell, D. H. Young, (2013). Sexual Addiction Compulsivity. The Journal of Treatment Prevention, 19, 225-264. DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2012.705140 M. C. Kenny, V.Capri , R., R., Thakkar-Kolar, E. E. Ryan, M. K. Runyon, (2008). Child Sexual Abuse: From Prevention to Self-Protection. Child Abuse Review, 17(1), 36-54. DOI: 10.1002/car.1012. M. R. Laaser, (2004) Healing The Wounds Of Sexual Addiction. Grand Rapids, MI. Zondervan Levine, S. B. (2010). What Is Sexual Addiction. Journal of Sex Marital Therapy, 36, 261-275. DOI: 10.1080/00926231003719681 R. C. Scaer, (2001). The Body Bears The Burden: Trauma, Disassociation, and Disease. London, NY. The Haworth Medical Press Y.Selvi , P. G. Ozdemir, A.Atli, , S. G Kiran,. (2011). Traumatic Sexuality After Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse; A Case Report With Compulsive Sexual Behavior. Journal Of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 24, 85-88

The Dutchman: A Dramatic Expression of the Relationship Between Whites

Amiri Baraka’s The Dutchman would be considered a historical allegory that could be understood as this poetic and dramatic expression of the relationship between whites and blacks throughout the existence of the United States. These patterns of history are symbolically acted out by the two characters Lula and Clay; Lula represents white America and Clay seems to stand for the modern day Uncle Tom, who has over time been shaped by white America and this slave mentality. The beginning Stage directions seem to form this poem in it of itself. The first line establishes the mythic qualities of the play. â€Å"In the flying underbelly of the city. Steaming hot and summer on top, outside. Underground. The subway heaped in modern myth.† (1086) The â€Å"flying underbelly† is the metaphor for the Flying Dutchman, which is foreshadowing the almost doomed area. Also Baraka puts a lot of emphasis on the word the underground which seems to foreshadow the below surface intentions of the play right at the beginning. Then the â€Å"modern myth† suggests that the play will act as a myth for the patterns of White America. This mythical quality that resonates throughout the play is further established by the stage properties of Lula. She carries onto the subway these paper books which symbolize the written culture of white America; this written culture certainly resonates throughout the history of blacks and whites. During the beginning of the Jim Crow laws, the blacks had to take literacy tests to be able to vote, so Lula walking in with paper books represents the forced literacy on blacks in the United States. Another stage property that Lula has is her sunglasses which she moves around from time to time. This symbolizes her disguise of friends... ...Clay had been the victim throughout the entire play, absorbing Lula’s insults and laughing them off, but with his monologue he has become the chronicler. Lula’s stereotype of Clay is finally proven wrong at the end of the play. â€Å"If I’m a middle class fake white man, let me be. And let me be in the way that I want†¦ Safe with my words, and no deaths, clean, hard thoughts, urging me to new conquests.† () Here Baraka shows that even though Clay was sucked in by Lula’s sexual temptations, he never was never fooled into thinking that she or metaphorically white America would ever accept him. Works Cited Baraka, Amiri. "The Myth of 'Negro Literature'." Within the Circle. Ed. Angelyn Mitchell. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1994. 165-171. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/666803/amiri_barakas_use_of_imagery_metaphor_pg4.html?cat=9

Violent Crime Research Paper -- Criminal Murder Jail Prison Essays Pap

Violent Crime Research Paper Nothing does more to tear our families apart than violent crime, guns, gangs, drugs, and the fear that walks alongside those terrors. Violent crime and victim rights have become a major concern for most citizens in the United States of America. Statistics indicate a decline in violent crimes in our country and an increase in our national prison population. Released prisoners commit most violent crimes. Gun control legislation, reform programs, victim rights awareness, and other programs are abundant in our country, but do little to alleviate violent crime. In this paper I will try to present the liberal and conservative views on this issue as well as my own views. Violent crime is a complex problem and can only be responded to in complex ways. "Quick fix" solutions to the problem are likely to be misguided. There was a decline in crime during the 1990s. Our country enjoyed seven years of declining crime for the period 1991-98, the most recent data available. During this period crime declined by 22% and violent crime by 25%. These are welcome developments, particularly following the surge of crime and violence of the late 1980s. This decline occurred during a time when the national prison population has increased substantially, rising from 789,60 in 1991 to 1,252,830, a 59% rise in just seven years and a 47% increase in the rate of incarceration, taking into account changes in the national population (Mauer 21-24). Many observers have drawn a simple correlation between these two trends. Putting more offenders in prison caused the reduction in crime. The Sentencing project has just completed a study that examines this issue in great detail and concludes that any such correlation is ambiguous at best. In examining the relationship between incarceration and crime in the 1990s the picture is complicated by the seven year period just prior to this, 1984-91. In this period, incarceration also rose substantially, at a rate of 65%. Yet crime rates increased during this time as well, by 17% nationally. Thus we see a continuous rise in incarceration for fourteen years, during which crime rose for seven years, then declined for seven years. This does not suggest that incarceration had no impact on crime, but any such connection is clearly influenced by other factors. A comparison with other nations is instructive in this rega... ... â€Å"Megan’s Law† requiring that people should be told if a sex offender lives in their area. (Federal Sentencing Reporter 10). Statistics indicate that strangers commit only one percent of violent crimes against women (The New American Magazine). I want to be protected, if I am in this small percentage. When a woman awakens and sees a male stranger crawling through her window and heading toward her bed, he is not a small percentage. He is a 100 percent fiend. But, if she had a pistol under her pillow and knew how to use it, she could make him a 100 percent corpse, and the world would be a far better place (The New American Magazine). That is my reason for supporting the second amendment. Bibliography Hammer, Marion. â€Å"United We Stand, Divided We Fall.† American Hunter June 1998 James Dao, New York Times, p. A18 May 3, 2000 Lee, Robert, â€Å"Gun Report† The New American Magazine, November 11, 1996 Mauer, Marc. "Preventing and Fighting Crime, What Works?" FDCH Congressional Testimony, 10/02/2000 â€Å"Where They Agree: Regarding Guns,† Associated Press. Los Angeles Timesn April 21, 2000 www.AlGore2000.com/issues/crime. May 16, 1999 www.georgebush.com/crime

Measuring Reaction Rate Using Volume of Gas Produced

Chemistry 12 Formal Report Measuring Reaction Rate using Volume of Gas Produced By John Doe 23th October 2012 Introduction An essential element of chemistry is finding reaction rates. This is because chemists need to know how long a reaction should take. In addition to needing to know the rate of a reaction at any point in time to monitor how the reaction is proceeding. Many factors effect reaction rates, two shown above include temperature and concentration. Concentration affects the rate of reactions because the more concentrated a solution the more likely collisions between particles will be.This is simply because there are more particles present to collide with each other. When the temperature is higher, particles will have more energy. This means that more reactions will happen for two reasons, firstly more particles will come into contact with each other because they are moving around more and secondly because the reactions occur at higher speed making it more likely to succeed . A few other factors are the surface area and if a catalyst is present. The larger the surface area the more collisions will occur because there are more places for molecules to react with each other.A catalyst affects the rate of reaction not by increasing the number of collisions, but by making more of the collisions that do occur successful. Ordinary household bleach is an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO, this contains little more than 5% NaClO by mass. Bleaching is caused by the ion. Under normal circumstances this ion breaks down slowly giving off oxygen gas and the chloride ion, . In order to speed up this reaction a catalyst is needed. In this experiment the catalyst used was cobalt (II) nitrate solution.When this is added to the bleach a black precipitate of cobalt (III) nitrate is formed which acts as a catalyst for the decomposition of The purpose of this experiment was to determine how concentration of reactants and temperature affect the rate of the react ion between bleach and 0. 01M cobalt (II) nitrate solution. In this experiment the volume of gas produced shows the rate of the reaction. Procedure Figure 1 Firstly, all safety protocols were ensured and applied (lab apron and safety goggles). The apparatus was set up with reference to figure 1 above.Then, the eudiometer was filled with water and inverted into the trough, which was half filled with water. It was held in a vertical position with the burette clamp attached to the stand. The rubber tubing was joined to the top of the glass tube, which goes through the stopper on the flask. The other end of the tubing was then placed into the neck of the eudiometer. 15mL of bleach solution was measured into the 25mL-graduated cylinder and poured into the Erlenmeyer flask. As followed, 5mL of 0. 10M of cobalt (II) nitrate solution was measured and poured into the 10mL-graduated cylinder.Once ready, the cobalt nitrate solution was poured into the flask containing the bleach solution, and the rubber stopper was immediately slotted in. It was then mixed and stirred as well as recorded (time). It was noted that a black precipitate of cobalt (III) oxide was forming, and from then on the flask was stirred gently and constantly. This was significant to dislodge bubbles of oxygen from the surface of the Co2O3 catalyst. Another thing that was important to note was that if the swirling was stopped or reduced, the rate decreases, so therefore the amount of swirling must be kept steady and uniform throughout the runs.The total volume of oxygen that had been collected was recorded every 30 seconds until a volume of 50mL was obtained. Also, the actual elapsed time of when the 50mL mark was reached was recorded. Once the first run was successful, the following needed to be repeated the same way: the same amount of solutions must be measured into the same containers, and the procedure of applying them needed to be the same too (time recorded, measurements, temperature, etc. ). The only thing that was different in the next run was that the reactants had to be at a temperature of 10? C above room temperature before mixed.This was accomplished by placing both the flask with bleach and the graduated cylinder with the cobalt (II) nitrate in a water bath for 10 minutes, and then adding the cobalt (II) nitrate to the flask, then back into the water bath. Hot water was used to increase the temperature, and cold water was used to adjust it. The next run was a similar idea to the previous one, but the reactants were brought down to a temperature 10? C below room temperature using ice. The steps to doing this are similar to the previous ones, but only this one required an addition of 20mL of water to the bleach solution before mixing.The reason being is so that the overall concentrations are half of their original vales. The run that followed after was also identical, but instead of adding 20mL, 60mL was added. Now the overall concentrations after mixing were one quart er of their original values. The experiment was practically over, but there always had to be cleaning and instructed disposal of chemicals. The product(s) was/were instructed to be disposed in the designated container only for the waste solution. Finally, all the parties that participated in the experiment were obliged to wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory.Analysis and Results The rate of production of oxygen for each reaction was slightly different. The rate of reaction is determined by the equation; For the control where the reaction to place at room temperature and with bleach with a concentration of 0. 529M, the rate of production of oxygen was 36. 1 mL/minute. In next reaction which took place at a temperature 10? higher than that had a rate of 39. 5 mL/minute. Next was the reaction which took place at 10? below room temperature which resulted in a rate of 26. 8 mL/minute.In the reaction that 20 mL of distilled water was added to the b leach solution and the temperature was kept constant, the reaction rate dropped to 16. 2 mL/minute. Finally the slowest reaction occurred when 60 mL of distilled water was added to the bleach causing a rate of 10. 8 mL/minute. The rate value changes as the temperature is changed. When the temperature increases by 10? , the rate of the reaction increases by a factor of 0. 12 (12%). This is again changed when the temperature is changed to 10? below room temperature. This results in a rate of production of oxygen, which is decreased by a factor of 0. 5 (25%). When the concentrations were changed so did the rate of reaction. When the concentration was changed to 0. 265M the rate of reaction dropped by a factor of 0. 5 (50%) below the control value. Furthermore when 60mL of water was added to the bleach dropping the concentration too 0. 132M the rate dropped by a factor of 0. 7 (70%). Bleach should never be mixed with any acid based cleaners because it results in the formation of toxic C l- gas. If bleach is mixed with an acid based cleaner in a small room it will result in a toxic build up of chlorine gas, which can be fatal to anyone spending time in the room.The equations for these reactions are shown below; Bleach is formed by the action of chlorine gas on sodium hydroxide, NaOH: The equation below represents the reaction of bleach with an acid based cleaner, which gives off chlorine gas Because of this reaction all acid based cleaners have warnings not to be mixed with bleach because it can result in injury or death. If bleach with 10% sodium hypochlorite was used for this experiment instead of bleach with 5. 25% sodium hypochlorite.The shape of the rate curve for the graph would likely be twice as steep as the graph for the reaction involving bleach with a concentration of 5. 25% sodium hypochlorite. This is because the reaction will finish faster due a concentration that is higher by a factor of two. In this experiment there were possibilities for errors, the main one would be caused by measuring the volume of air at certain times. The reason for this being an error is that at 30 seconds more air will have been produced than is bing measure this is because some oxygen is in the Erlenmeyer flask but still rising to the point at which it is measured.Also some oxygen is held back because of a kink in the rubber tubing. To improve this experiment I would use a better way of measuring the volume of oxygen produced, either by measuring the air pressure in a container attached to the flask where the reaction was taking place or by using a large tube with a piston inside that would slide along the inside of it showing how much oxygen is evolved during the reaction. Conclusion From the experiment that was carried out it can be concluded that both temperature and concentration effect reaction rates.The lower the temperature the slower the reaction rate, therefore the higher the temperature the faster the reaction takes place. Likewise the lower t he concentration of a solution the slower the reaction and the higher the concentration the faster the reaction is completed. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Measuring Reaction Rate Using Volume of Gas Produced. † Experiment 11C. N. p. : SMG Lab, n. d. N. pag. Rpt. in Experiment 11C. N. p. : n. p. , n. d. 154-58. Print. [ 2 ]. DiGiuseppe, et al. Reaction Rates. N. p. : Nelson, 2012. Print. Nelson Education.

Physical Education Activities Essay

The high school students are full of energy at this point in time of their developmental stage a normal human beings and as such they engage in various activities. In the subject of Physical Education (P.E.) these students manifest their individual attitude towards participation in Physical Education activities. This study is interested looking closely into this situation and would like to determine the effect of the factors of attitude and teachers’ qualification towards students’ participation in Physical Education activities at Basilan National High School. Recent research has shown that degenerative diseases begin in early childhood. As Kaercher (1981) wrote, â€Å"There’s increasing evidence in youngsters of high cholesterol in the blood, high blood pressure, obesity and other conditions that are associated with heart disease, stroke and other disorders† (p. 20). Bucher (1982) stated that medical specialists blame deaths due to heart disease, cancer, and stroke largely on â€Å"changes in lifestyle characterized by factors over which doctors have little or no control† (p.13). Research suggests that regular physical activity, begun in childhood, may help prevent degenerative diseases. According to Hanson (1974), â€Å"The necessity of physical activity for a growing child is well-documented in terms of growth and fitness needs. Physical activity increases muscle tone, improves respiration and circulation, benefits digestion, aids in controlling obesity, promotes rehabilitation after illness and surgery, and stimulates proper growth and development Physical benefits alone could be sufficient reason for supporting physical education programs.† (p. 2). And Reiff (1977, p. 26) reported that high school students involved in an eight-week program of physical activity showed gains in fitness. The above-cited researches on physical education and its importance is taken into consideration in this study on the factors affecting students’ participation in physical education activities of Basilan National High School. Statement of the Problem This study attempted to determine the attitude and teachers qualification as factors affecting the students’ participation in physical education activities at Basilan National High School; Specifically, it tried to answer the following questions: 1. What is the attitude of the students towards participation in physical education at Basilan National High School in terms of: 1.1`gender 1.2 religion 1.3 ethnicity 1.4 socio-economic status 2. Do the factors of attitude and teachers qualification affect the students’ participation in physical education activities at Basilan National High School? 3. Is there a significant difference in the effect of the factors of attitude and teachers qualification in the students’ participation in physical education activities in terms of: 3.1 gender 3.2 religion 3.3 ethnicity 3.4.socio-economic status? Significance of the Study The results of this study provide additional information for the benefit of the following: School administrators – the data in this study will be subject to further study and consideration and could serve as basis for the construction of approaches and programs to enhance students’ participation the school’s physical education activities. Physical Education Teachers – they will be able to access data gathered in this study for their guide in the preparation of effective teaching methods which could motivate the students to actively participate in the physical education in school. Students – they will gain additional knowledge from the findings in this study and will serve as eye opener for them towards better participation in the physical education activities programmed by the school. Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study is concentrated in the identification of the factors which affect the students participation in physical education activities at Basilan National High School. The data to be gathered from the students in Basilan National High School are from first year to fourth year enrolled for school year 2010 2011. The physical activities are part of the prescribed activities in the physical education school curriculum. Chapter II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Under this chapter the following are presented and discussed: Related Literature, Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework, Research Hypothesis, and Definition of Terms. Related Literature Physical education is a type of class in which elementary, middle, and high school students are usually required to participate. It emphasizes exercise, and sometimes health and nutrition. This class, sometimes known as PE or gym class, usually takes place in a large gymnasium, but it can also take place outdoors. While there are a number of advantages to physical education, like most things, there are also a few disadvantages. Exercise is typically the main goal of physical education. Sometimes, a physical education teacher may instruct his student to perform drills or exercises. Other times, students may play games and sports. Basketball and dodge ball, for example, are two popular PE games. Larger schools may also have an indoor swimming pool that students can use during their gym class. While many of these drills, exercises, and sports can be played indoors, sometimes a PE class should be held outdoors. Football, baseball, and golf, for instance, are typically outside sports. Weather permitting, some schools may even offer skiing or snowshoeing. Online physical fitness classes may seem unusual, but with technological advances comes innovation. A few schools now allow their students to fulfill physical education requirements on their own time. This can be done by letting a student choose an activity to participate in. She can then keep track of how much exercise she has done. A teacher, coach, or parent is usually required to vouch for the student. Physical fitness in school, however, is not just about motivating students to become more active. It also helps younger students develop their psychomotor skills. Some elementary schools may also combine physical education classes with health classes, educating students about healthy choices and nutrition as well. Traditional classes where students play sports also help them learn to work as a team. (www.wisegeek.com/what-is-physical-education.htm) Clearly, physical education requirements can boost overall physical activity levels in children. The authors suggest that school-based activity be considered an important component in meeting the guidelines for physical activity in adolescents. Myers, Strikmiller, et. al. (1996). Physical and sedentary activity in school children grades 5-8; the Bogalusa Heart Study. Medicine Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 28, pp. 852-859. Physical activity enhances a person’s life both socially and psychologically. Studies have shown that physical activity may modify anxiety and depression (Sachs 1982, p. 44). Layman (1972, p. 5) gave evidence that poor physical condition predisposes individuals to poor mental health. Hanson (1974, p. 2) stated that â€Å"physical activity contributes to the general feeling of well-being. It is an avenue for expression of anger, aggression and happiness a means for discovery of self as well as a social facilitator.† Moreover, according to Espenschade (1960), â€Å"The status of the elementary school child with his peers is dependent to a great extent on his motor skills and his behavior in game situations† (p.3). Clarke (1982, p. 10) added to these statements, suggesting that the child’s realization of personal and social effectiveness relies heavily on guidance within the physical education experience. Research shows a positive relationship between physical activity and academic achievement. In one study, begun in 1951 in an elementary sch ool in Vanves, France, the school day was divided so that four hours were devoted to academics and one to two hours to physical education, art, music, and supervised study (Bailey 1976). By 1960, not only were health, fitness, discipline, and enthusiasm superior in the experimental program, but academic performance also surpassed controlled classes. Similar experiments in Belgium and Japan produced comparable results (Carlson 1982, p. 68), illustrating the importance of physical education to a successful academic program. The importance of wise use of leisure time was supported as early as 1918 in the Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education (National Education Association). Children need recreational skills and a positive attitude toward exercise to enhance their use of leisure. Indeed, â€Å"Research indicates that motor skills learned in physical education classes may be the stimulus for increased activity during leisure time (Seefeldt 1977, p. 3). Gilliam and others demonstrated that physical education programs involving vigorous activities encourage participants to use leisure time more actively (p. 3). Thus, physical education can play a major role in promoting an active, healthy lifestyle. The importance of wise use of leisure time was supported as early as 1918 in the Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education (National Education Association). Children need recreational skills and a positive attitude toward exercise to enhance their use of leisure. Indeed, â€Å"Research indicates that motor skills learned in physical education classes may be the stimulus for increased activity during leisure time (Seefeldt 1977, p. 3). Gilliam and others demonstrated that physical education programs involving vigorous activities encourage participants to use leisure time more actively (p. 3). Thus, physical education can play a major role in promoting an active, healthy lifestyle.

The Play of Daniel Keyes’ Flowers for Algernon Essay

         The story, â€Å"Flowers for Algernon†, is one that has been written using the first person narration and makes use of progress reports hence making the reader to be part of the story an understand the story as it happens through each of the reports used (Rogers, and Daniel, 5-15). The first person technique is important in that it allows all the changes that are seen to take place in Charlie, who is the main character of the story, to be clearly visible both at an external and internal level. It is to be noted that Charlie Gordon is the center of the whole story whereby he is the main character that is subjected to a scientific experiment that is aimed at increasing his intelligence level. In addition to that, Charlie is also the author to the narratives provided through the progress reports.          The reader of this story is able to get a view of life throu8gh the eyes of Charlie who is the main narrator and character in the story ((Rogers, and Daniel, 5-15). The reader is able to understand and follow the progress and development of Charlie through the spellings and the evolution of Charlie’s syntax. The operation that Charlie undergoes fails to work and proves to be detrimental because Charlie gets to find out that his â€Å"friends† are not actually true friends. Furthermore, Charlie becomes arrogant and cannot relate to people after the experiment and his is not able to impress his family which is his true motivation.            Charlie undergoes an intelligence operation which transforms him to become more intelligent than he was before. He ends up getting a job at the bakery with the help of his uncle, Uncle Herman (Coules, Daniel, and Robert, 87). Charlie meets Gimpy, Frank Reilly and Joe Carp, people that he considers to be his friends at the bakery and ones he could rely on. However, as it turns out, these are not his true friends. Gimpy, Frank Reilly and Joe Carp result to making fun of Charlie and resent him for being more intelligent after the operation when he goes back to work with them. The three make fun of Charlie and eventually gets him fired because they never liked him despite the fact that the boss, Mr. Donner, believed in Charlie.            At this point, Charlie gets to know that the people that he considered to be his â€Å"friends† were actually not his true friends based on their actions towards him. However the attitude of the three changes towards Charlie as the story comes to an end and Charlie’s intellectual ability starts to recede drastically. One thing that the reader gets to learn from the actions of Charlie’s â€Å"friends† is that not everyone in your life is your true friend. There are others who may not have good intentions yet they claim to be your friends hence the need to be cautious with people that say they are your friends.            Another issue that is portrayed in the story is that Charlie becomes an arrogant person and is not able to relate with people hence showing that the experiment was detrimental. The lack of proper relationship with other people and Charlie shows that the experiment turned out to be quite detrimental to the life of Charlie (Coules, Daniel, and Robert, 87). It can be observed that after the experiment, Charlie starts to lose his intelligence and he starts to spend less time with his girlfriend Fay. However, it reaches a point whereby Charlie wants to get back with Fay but she cannot accept due to Charlie’s condition which makes her afraid of him. This results in the collapse of their relationship.             Furthermore, the experiment affected how Charlie relates with his family which is seen when he chases his sister out of his room and does not want to talk to her. The issue that one gets to learn from this is that not all experiments have positive impacts in the lives of human beings and it is important that people should accept who they are instead of trying to change themselves.          From the on-set of this story, Charlie is seen as less intelligent and retarded by his family members. The inspiration and motivation to volunteer for the procedure which was aimed at enhancing his intelligence comes from need to impress his family (Coules, Daniel, and Robert, 87). Charlie agrees to undergo the procedure so that he could be what his mother and father wants him to be, an intelligent child. Charlie is rejected by the family that motivated him to get the procedure done. After becoming intelligent, he is also rejected by the foster family for being too intelligent.            Charlie undergoes through a rough time especially when his acquired intelligence starts to recede causing him to become alienated from people and instead spends time alone. From the experiences that Charlie goes through in this story tells the reader that life is full of challenges and that there are appreciating what one has is of great importance than to seek for something that will only result in to misery. References Coules, Bert, Daniel Keyes, and Robert Chambers. The Play of Daniel Keyes’ Flowers for Algernon. Oxford: Heinemann Educational, 1993. Print. P.47 Rogers, David, and Daniel Keyes. Flowers for Algernon: A Full-Length Play. Chicago: Dramatic Pub. Co, 1969. Print. P.5-93 Source document

Despairing Companionship Essay

â€Å"Modern Love,† a poetic sequence by George Meredith, describes a skeptical opinion on the idea of modern love. Meredith’s devastating tone, complex similes and metaphors, and dark imagery convey a sad and regretful outlook on the love of this time. â€Å"Modern Love† is riddled with a tone full of regret and heartache, making this modern love seem more like the opposite of love. The speaker says â€Å"she wept with waking eyes† and her â€Å"strange low sobs† were â€Å"strangled mute.† The words describing this woman are full of grief, full of â€Å"vain regret.† Her husband is painfully aware of his wife’s sadness, through her reaction to â€Å"his hand’s light quiver by her head† and her sobs that were â€Å"dreadfully venomous to him.† The speaker’s worried tone shows how much the husband wishes for his wife to be happy, but his actions of loving care and cautiousness do nothing to quell her tears. This makes modern love seem hopeless and full of despair for both the man and his distraught wife. Use of intense simile and metaphor throughout â€Å"Modern Love† also demonstrates a grim view on the concept of modern love. The muffled cries of the wife are called â€Å"little gaping snakes† showing how afraid and vulnerable the husband is to them. The man’s wife has a â€Å"Giant heart of Memory and Tears† which shows the heavy, almost useless organ that the wife carries around within her, empty of love, only able to remember the sadness to which she has been subjected to. Then, the husband and wife are said to be â€Å"like sculpture effigies† in their â€Å"common bed,† lying â€Å"stone-still.† Instead of two lovers talking to each other and loving each other in their bed, a place shared between the two of them, they are â€Å"moveless† and silent. This makes modern love seem empty of joy, empty of companionship, and devoid of love. â€Å"Modern Love† also utilizes imagery to portray the sadness and tension of modern love. The wife is described as lying â€Å"stone-still.† They are both â€Å"moveless† as they look back through their â€Å"dead black years.† Their life is described as â€Å"black,† which provides the image of nothingness, as if there is no memory worth seeing. Their modern love provides no light with which their lives might be made happy. They are seen as â€Å"sculptured effigies,† wishing for the â€Å"sword that severs all.† Instead of wishing for a good relationship or positive time together, they want something to end their marriage, to end the one thing that ties them together. This modern love is not love at all, but a forced binding between two people who want nothing of it. The poetic sequence â€Å"Modern Love† by George Meredith conveys a dark and regretful view of modern love through heartbreaking tone, deep similes and metaphors, and intense imagery.